Earthing is thus a vital part of power distribution safety. The only snag with open equipment on your bench is that any earth connection becomes a valid part of the return circuit for the power, and since that earth connection can come through you, that’s dangerous. The isolating transformer breaks that earth circuit for your bench, thus removing that particular hazard. The upshot of this is that you can safely touch either one of the two wires and because there’s no path to ground, you won’t get zapped. (Touching two wires completes the circuit. You still have to be careful!) Isolation transformers are also used to lift the ground so that you can connect mains circuitry up to your oscilloscope, even though the black probe clip is connected to earth ground.
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I have used a setup like this using two back-to-back “door-bell” transformers (220V to 9V) to play with neon tubes when I was a kid. The current was so low that even a lightbulb wouldn’t turn on. However, it was enough to teach me about electric shock from mains voltage when I have carelessly put my finger across the output terminals …
It takes volts to push amps, and if your body tripped a 1A breaker you’d be dead. For shock hazard, 110V is safer than 220V regardless of the size of the circuit breaker. But for a given power draw the possibility of overheating your wiring is lower with 220V, which is why I use it in my (American) shop whenever my equipment supports it.
Sonos also made another big promise last October: Google Assistant. The company has positioned the Sonos One as a smart speaker that will be assistant-agnostic and support multiple consumer favorites. It shipped with Alexa, AirPlay 2 will cover Siri (albeit from your iOS device and not the speaker itself), but Sonos hasn’t provided much of a status update on where the Google project is.
I started my hacking adventures decades ago with vacuum tubes and high voltages, and have to say that this is an excellent and important article. I’m not sure of the country of the author, but one piece of translation for those just getting started. The “Residual Current Circuit Breaker” here in the U.S. is called a “Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter”; but, provides the same protection. Another more recent protection innovation is called the Arc Fault interrupter and actually contains DSP type circuitry to determine if a dangerous arc is present on the line. Flipping a light switch or running a small motor creates an arc; but, the AFCI can tell the difference between that source and a frayed power wire that could overheat and start a fire. The largest voltage I’ve ever worked on was an amateur radio linear amplifier that ran 2600 VDC @ 600 ma for the finals, which brings me to the main point of this post. One additional rule: Always keep one hand in your pocket or one finger hooked in a belt loop. While it makes handling equipment more tricky, it keeps the power from having a path across your chest, which is also across the heart and lungs, which are electrically operated and can be severely damaged or stopped. BTW, I love the image of the sign/sticker in this article which hit’s the nail right on the proverbial head.
In Finland pretty much every household is wired with 3x 230V phase, with main fuses between 25-63A. Nominal voltage from phase to ground is 230V and phase to phase 400V. Load is split between phases, so that phase voltages would stay same, usually this is done by grouping different rooms to different phases, commonly 10A 230V per room sockets and lights.
Only thing I can think is that it will send more current to high resistance loads like a human body, where lower voltage will send less. That’s the only thing inherently more dangerous about higher voltage, no?
Larger motors used in rural settings and light industry may aswell use 400 voltage between phases by triangle connection. 3 phase 16A sockets are almost never seen in apartments, but are usually found from houses that have garage or other workspace with larger machinery. Larger 3 phase sockets are very common in farm setting and light industrial buildings. E.g. our hackerspace has air compressor that is fed by 3x 400V 25A line. It doesn’t even have neutral line, motor is connected to triangle and 24V for control logic is stepped down from 400V with transformer.
Sweep Panorama mode makes shooting panoramas easy, but not entirely brainless: It often takes me a few tries to get just the shot I want. The camera throws away a fair bit of the image area top/bottom and left/right, to insure that it has enough room to get everything aligned properly, despite your having angled the camera or not having swept perfectly horizontally or vertically. Sometimes, you can end up with your main subject higher or lower in the frame than you’d anticipated. It’s also easy to get a tilted horizon, if the camera orientation or your sweep direction is a little off. I found the A33 and A55′s level indicator and viewfinder gridline displays very helpful for avoiding these problems, although there was a little learning curve for me to make effective use of them.
It occurs to me that enormous subsidies have been expended to have put a handful of pure EVs on the road – still very expensive and not practical for a lot of people. I think a better carbon reduction bang for the buck wold be to incentivize PHEVs or even “conventional” hybrids.
SSRs can actually contain what is used here: optocoupler+triac or they may use optocoupler+mosfet. Just like individual triacs you will find that they suffer from the same issue: high power dissipation. A quick looks shows BT137 will burn 20W to switch a 5A load, I see 6W for the first 10A SSR I encounter. This is too much to dissipate in a small junction box isolated inside a wall. Meanwhile, a 10A relay will dissipate maximum 2.5W through the 0.1ohm contacts.
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